Solubility Rules
| Soluble | Insoluble | |
|---|---|---|
| Acids | all common acids | |
| Bases | The alkalis | All other bases - all other hydroxides + oxides |
| all group 1 hydroxides + group 1 oxides ammonia | All other carbonates | |
| Sodium + Potassium carbonates | ||
| Salts | All nitrates | |
| All chlorides except → |
Silver + Lead chloride | |
| All sulfates except → | Barium + Lead sulfate Calcium Sulfate is slightly soluble | |
| All ammonium salts |
Equations:
1. A nitric acid solution reacts with solid magnesium metal to make magnesium nitrate + hydrogen gas.
2. Silver nitrate solution reacts with sodium iodide solution to form silver iodide + sodium nitrate.
NOTE: All bases are alkaline, but not all alkalis are bases.
Solubility Curves
- The usual solubility units are g (solute)/100 g (solvent).
- Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that'll dissolve in a given mass of solvent.
- Adding the maximum amount of solute (or more) will form a saturated solution.
- Adding less than this maximum amount will result in an unsaturated solution.
- The graphs given can be used to calculate the maximum number of substances that dissolve at each temperature.
- You can scale information from a graph to determine how much substance will dissolve in a different amount of water.
- You can determine whether the solution (solute + solvent) will be saturated/unsaturated.
- You can find out how much more solute can be added to a solution till it becomes saturated.